Comparison of Different Extraction Techniques of Zingiber officinale Essential Oil

Abstract This study aims to find the best conditions for the extraction of Zingiber officinale essential oil using the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), steam distillation (SD) and hydrodistillation (HD) techniques, regarding the maximum oil yield. For the HD technique is evaluated the best ratio between plant mass and water volume and for SFE and SD the pressure condition was investigated. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the similarity between the composition of the essential oil in different pressures and extraction methods. The experimental extraction curve was plotted and three different mathematical models were used to fit the data for SD and SFE methods, obtaining the relevant mass transfer parameters. The essential oil compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being α-zingiberene the main component with different contents (from 11.9 to 28.9%). The best condition for the SFE was 100 bar, 40 °C (0.0508 goil/gplant) with 19.34% of α-zingiberene; for the SD, 3 bar (133 °C) (0.00616 goil/gplant) with 28.9% of α-zingiberene; and HD, the volume of 750 mL (0.006988 goil/gplant) with 15.70% of α-zingiberene, all measured on a dry basis.

Splenocyte-mediated immune enhancing activity of Sargassum horneri extracts / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the immunological activity and optimized the mixture conditions of Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) extracts in vitro and in vivo models.METHODS: S. horneri was extracted using three different methods: hot water extraction (HWE), 50% ethanol extraction (EE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production (Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ) were measured using a WST-1 assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of nitric oxide and T cell activation production were measured using a Griess assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The natural killer (NK) cell activity was determined using an EZ-LDH kit.RESULTS: Among the three different types of extracts, HWE showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in vitro. In the animal model, three different types of extracts were administrated for 14 days (once/day) at 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight. HWE and SFE showed a high level of splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production in the with and without mitogen-treated groups, whereas EE administration did not induce the splenocyte activation. When RAW264.7 macrophage cells were treated with different mixtures (HWE with 5, 10, 15, 20% of SFE) to determine the optimal mixture ratio of HWE and SFE, the levels of nitric oxide and cytokine production increased strongly in the HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE containing group. In the animal model, HWE with 5% and 10% of SFE mixture administration increased the levels of splenocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and activated CD4⁺ cell population significantly, with the highest level observed in the HWE with 5% of SFE group. Moreover, the NK cell activity was increased significantly in the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture-treated group compared to the control group.CONCLUSION: The optimal mixture condition of S. horneri with immune-enhancing activity is the HWE with 5% of SFE mixture. These results confirmed that the extracts of S. horneri and its mixtures are potential candidate materials for immune enhancement.

Immunomodulating activity of Sargassum horneri extracts in RAW264.7 macrophages / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is a species of brown macroalgae that is common along the coast of Japan and Korea. The present study investigated the immuno-modulatory effects of different types of S. horneri extracts in RAW264.7 macrophages. METHODS: S. horneri was extracted by three different methods, hot water extraction, 50% ethanol extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. Cell viability was then measured by MTT assay, while the production levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Griess assay, respectively. The expression and activation levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were examined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The three different S. horneri extracts were nontoxic against RAW 264.7 cells up to 50 µg/mL, among which treatment with hot water extract (HWE) of S. horneri significantly enhanced the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and NO in a dose-dependent manner. Hot water extract of S. horneri also increased the expression level of iNOS, suggesting that up-regulation of iNOS expression by HWE of S. horneri was responsible for the induction of NO production. In addition, treatment of RAW 264.7 macrophages with HWE of S. horneri increased the phosphorylation levels of ERK, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, the activation and subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB was enhanced upon treatment with HWE of S. horneri, indicating that HWE of S. horneri activates macrophages to secrete TNF-α, IL-6 and NO and induces iNOS expression via activation of the NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these findings suggest that HWE of S. horneri possesses potential as a functional food with immunomodulatory activity.

Prospecção de bioativos farmacológicos em algas marinhas Rhodophyta e Heterokontophyta e avaliação de citotoxicidade / Prospection of pharmaceutical bioactive compounds in marine algae Rhodophyta and Heterokontophyta and cytotoxicity evaluation

Muitas drogas terapêuticas produzidas pela indústria farmacêutica são estruturas químicas isoladas de organismos encontrados na natureza ou moléculas baseadas nelas. Podem ser incluídas nesse grupo drogas isoladas de organismos marinhos, como corais, esponjas e algas marinhas, conhecidos como produtores de grandes quantidades de metabólitos secundários. Com base neste fato o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a prospecção de moléculas bioativas com propósito farmacológico, em extratos de algas marinhas vermelhas (Rhodophyta) e pardas (Heterokontophyta) coletadas no litoral brasileiro. A prospecção foi realizada por meio de avaliação de seus potenciais antioxidante, antibacteriano, antifúngico, anticancerígeno, e antiparasitário contra organismos causadores de leishmaniose e esquistossomose. Para as avaliações foram empregadas os extratos supercríticos de 5 espécies diferentes, sendo 2 pardas: Dictyota dichotoma e D. menstrualis e três vermelhas: Chondria littoralis, Spyridia hypnoides e Plocamium brasiliense. Os extratos foram avaliados quanto aos seus potenciais bioativos e os resultados mais promissores foram selecionados para as etapas seguintes do fracionamento. Em uma avaliação geral os extratos apresentaram bons resultados e representam uma potencial fonte de bioativos. Os extratos das espécies de D. dichotoma e D. menstrualis foram então submetidos a um procedimento de fracionamento bioguiado pela atividade esquistossomicida. Incorporou-se ainda um terceiro extrato de D. mertensii aos estudos e todas as etapas do fracionamento foram monitoradas por LC-MS. Comparando-se as massas detectadas em todas as frações que apresentaram atividade, para os 3 extratos, foi verificado que a substância de m/z 271,24 estava presente em todas elas, portanto os procedimentos de isolamento foram direcionados a esta molécula para a qual foi possível isolar 7 mg. Diferentemente do que era esperado a molécula quando avaliada isoladamente não apresentou atividade esquistossomicida, levando a hipótese de que a atividade seja decorrente de uma molécula diferente para cada espécie ou ainda que a mesma seja decorrente de uma interação com outras substâncias por um mecanismo de ação aditivo ou sinérgico. O trabalho avaliado de forma geral apresentou resultados promissores e representa um grande embasamento para servir como base para posteriores trabalho de fracionamento

Several therapeutic drugs manufactured by the pharmaceutical industry are chemical structures isolated from organisms that are found in nature or molecules based on that. May be included at this group drugs isolated from marine organisms, like corals, sponges and seaweeds, known as great secondary metabolites producers. Based on this facts the objective of the present study is to perform a prospection study to achieve bioactive molecules with pharmaceutical purposes, on extracts made from red (Rhodophyta) and brown (Heterokontophyta) seaweed collected in the Brazilian shore. The prospection studies was performed by means of evaluation of the antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiparasitic (against Leishmania and Schistosoma) potential. In the evaluation were tested the supercritical extracts of 5 different species, including 2 brown species: Dictyota dichotoma and D. menstrualis and 3 red species: Chondria littoralis, Spyridia hypnoides and Plocamium brasiliense. The extracts were evaluated by their potential bioactive compounds and the most promising results were selected for the following fractionation steps. Overall the extracts have shown good results and may be represent a potential source of bioactive molecules. The extracts of both D. dichotoma and D. menstrualis were submitted to a bioguided fractionation process by their antischistosomal activities. It was still included a third extract from D. mertensii to the studies and every step was monitored by LC-MS techniques. Comparing the detected mass for each active fraction, it was observed the presence of a substance with m/z 271,24 in all of the extracts, so the isolating procedures were directed to obtain that specific molecule, which was obtained in a biomass of 7 mg. Differently than expected the molecule when evaluated isolated do not show the antischistosomal activity, leading to the hypothesis that the activity was related to different molecules for each species or even the observed effect is resulted by an interaction mechanism with another substances by an additive or synergist mechanism. The overall evaluation of the whole work show some promising results and it represent a great support for future fractionation works

Study on supercritical CO2 extraction of xiaoyaosan and its GC-MS fingerprint / 中国中药杂志

To determine the optimum conditions of supercritical CO2 extraction of Xiaoyaosan, and establish its fingerprint by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), the yield of extract were investigated, an orthogonal test was used to quantify the effects of extraction temperature, pressure, CO2 flow rate and time, and fingerprint analysis of different batches of extracts were by GC-MS. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as follows: extraction pressure 20 MPa, extraction temperature 50 degrees C, CO2 flow rate 25 kg x h(-1), extraction time 3 h, and average yield 2.2%. The GC-MS fingerprint was established and 27 common peaks were found, whose contents add up to 81.89% of the total peak area. Among them, 21 compounds were identified, accounting for 53.20% of the total extract. The extraction process is reasonable and favorable for industrial production. The GC-MS method is accurate, reliable, reproducible, and can be used for quality control of supercritical CO2 extract from Xiaoyaosan.

GC-MS analysis and cytotoxic activity of the supercritical extracts from roots and stems of Zanthoxylum nitidum / 中国中药杂志

The volatile components of roots and stems of Zanthoxylum nitidum were investigated by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO2) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Thirty-one and fifty-one compounds were identified in the supercritical extracts from roots and stems of Z. nitidum, respectively, and total twenty-seven compounds were the common constituents. Among them, the major constituents in root and stem supercritical extracts were spathulenol (18.49 and 26.18%), n-hexadecanoic acid (14.24% and 12.79%), ar-tumerone (6.95% and 8.88%), oleic acid (8.39% and 5.71%) and hexanoic acid (4.39% and 7.78%). The in-vitro MTT assay showed that the volatile components of roots and stems of Z. nitidum did not exhibited any cytotoxic activity against human cancer Huh-7 and normal IEC-6 cells. These results indicated the same nature of the volatile constituents in the root and stem of Z. nitidum. This investigation may provide further evidence for expansion of medicinal parts of Z. nitidum.

Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction of bioactive components in Ligusticum chuanxiong by orthogonal array design / 中国中药杂志

With the yields of ferulic acid, coniferylferulate, Z-ligustilide, senkyunolide A, butylidenephthalide, butylphthalide, senkyunolide I, senkyunolide H, riligustilide, levistolide A, and total pharmacologically active ingredient as evaluation indexes, the extraction of Ligusticum chuanxiong by supercritical fluid technology was investigated through an orthogonal experiment L9 (3(4)). Four factors, namely temperature, pressure, flow rate of carbon dioxide, co-solvent concentration of the supercritical fluid, were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, namely 65 degrees C of temperature, 35 MPa of pressure, 1 L x min(-1) of CO2 flow rate, 8% of co-solvent concetration, supercritical fluid extraction could achieve a better yield than the conventional reflux extraction using methanol. And the supercritical fluid extraction process was validated to be stable and reliable.

Extraction and comparison of volatile oil components from water caltrop and kernel by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To extract the volatile components of water caltrop and kernel and to analyze them.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The volatiles were separated by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and determined by GC-MS.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The extraction rates of water caltrop and kernel were 5.96% and 0.23%, respectively. The components determined by normalization method were mainly 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), but the content was different.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The researches showed that the components in the volatile components of water caltrop and kernel were mainly 12-octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z), and then palmitinic acid, with a higher extraction rate of caltrop.</p>

Optimization of supercritical CO2 extraction of plantaginis semen oil by response surface methodology and studies on its antioxidant activity / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The optimum conditions of SFE-CO2 extraction of Plantaginis Semen oil (SPO), the composition of SPO and its antioxidant activities of SPO were all investigated in this paper.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Response surface method (RSM) was used to establish the mathematical model of SFE-CO2 extraction of SPO to obtain the optimum conditions based on Single factor experiments. Fatty acid compositions and contents of SPO were tested by GC-MS, and antioxidant activities of SPO were studied by DPPH and ABTS free radical elimination method.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimum conditions obtained through RSM analysis were as follows: extraction tempreture 70 degrees C, extraction pressure 30 MPa, extraction time 120 min and flow rate 30 L x h(-1). Under the optimal condition, predicted value was 35.91%, while the experimental value was 35.07%. The experimental values agree with the predicted from the regression model with a relative error less than 5%. The main components of SPO were 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, 8,11-octadecadienoic acid, octadecanoic acid and hexadecanoic acid. Most of the fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty ones, whose quantities were obtained more than 88%. The IC50DPPH and IC50ABTS were 1.13, 3.57 g x L(-1) respectively in DPPH and ABTS assay.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Optimization of the extraction process by RSM of SPO is convenient and feasible. SPO has good antioxidant activity and is worth to develop for application.</p>

Component difference of herb materials extracts with sesame oil fry and SFE-CO2 technique for compound ulcer oil / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the component difference of herb materials extracts of sesame oil fry and SFE-CO2 technique for compound ulcer oil.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Qualitative analysis of main component of dahuan, baizhi and chuangxiong in two extracts above was conducted by TLC. The contents of total anthraquinones, imperatorin and ferulic acid in two extracts were determined by UV and HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>TLC experiment found that spots color of small Rf value component in oil extract were lighter than that in SFE-CO2 extract, but there was not obvious different between two extracts. Quantity analysis showed that SFE-CO2 extract owned much higher transfer rate of total anthraquinones, and it was 1.9 times of oil extract. Ferulic acid was similar in two extracts, and they were all below 10%. The contents of imperatorin in oil extracts were slight higher than that in SFE-CO2 extract.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The components in the extracts of sesame oil fry for the herb materials of compound ulcer oil are the same as SFE-CO2 extract. Because SFE-CO2 extracts have no solvent limited for next preparation, it has more advantage.</p>

USMM technology application in extraction and separation of Salvia miltiorrhiza / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate USMM coupled techniques applied in active ingredient extraction and separation of Salvia.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) CO2 was used to extract and separate tanshinone liposoluble constituent, ultrasonic was used to extract danshen phenolic acids ternate, membrane separation and macroporous resin was used to purify water extraction from HDP. Transfer rate and purity of Danshen active ingredients were employed as the investigation indexes, the feasibility of USMM technology used in extraction and separation S. miltiorrhiza was investigated.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>SFE-CO2 extraction process for S. miltiorrhiza was stable and feasible. Danshen phenolic acids extracted from slag of SFE-CO2 by ultrasound got a high yield. Macroporous resin purification technology could improve the purity of active ingredients of S. miltiorrhiza. Membrane separation and membrane separation coupled with macroporous resin technology applied to the purification process of S. miltiorrhiza phenolic acids still needed further research.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is feasible basically that USMM technology apply in extraction and separation of Salvia active ingredient.</p>

Component analysis and acute hepatotoxicity of volatile oils from argy wormwood leaf extracted by different methods / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the chemical composition and compare acute hepatotoxicity of essential oils extracted from argy wormwood leaf in Guangdong by four different methods.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Four extraction methods, including hydrodistillation extraction, supercritical fluid CO2 extraction, petroleum ether ultrasonic extraction and petroleum ether microwave extraction, were employed to prepare essential oil from argy wormwood leaf in Guangdong. The products were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using GC-MS and GC-FID. Sixty mice were divided into 5 groups according to different essential oils and took the same dose orally, then after 5 hours, hepatic functional parameters in serum were detected such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and so on, and morphologic change of hepatic tissues was observed.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The extraction rate of the four methods and identified compounds was 1.02%, 80 (hydrodistillation extraction), 2.46%, 56 (supercritical fluid CO2 extraction), 3.17%, 45 (petroleum ether ultrasonic extraction) and 3.32%, 78 (petroleum ether microwave extraction) respectively. Totally 153 compounds were identified from those essential oils. Compared with that of the control group, some hepatic functional parameters of hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction groups rose significantly (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05), and hepatic tissues of hydrodistillation group were damaged significantly.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The essential oils extracted from argy wormwood leaf by different methods may have not only different chemical composition, but also different acute hepatotoxicity, and monoterpenes and benzenes in the essential oils might induce acute hepatotoxicity.</p>

Technical condition of semi-bionic extraction in optimizing formula of Rhizoma Cyperi that had been extracted by SFE-CO2 through homogeneous design / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To optimize the extraction condtions in the modification of Rhizoma Cyperi, which had been extracted by the technique of supercritical CO2 extraction.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The semi-bionic extraction (SBE) conditions were optimized through homogeneous design while the extracts (< or = 1 000), the total area of HPLC and dry extracts were adopted as markers.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimized SBE extraction conditions are the following: pH in first extraction was adjusted to 2.005 3. And then pH in second and third extraction adjusted to 6.508 2 and 8.945 6, time of the whole extracted process was 3.912 7 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combine the faction of production,we make sure the conclusion is pH in first extraction was 2.00, pH in second and third extraction adjusted to 6.50 and 9.00, duration of run was 2.0 h, 1.0 h and 1.0 h, respectively.</p>

Preparation of nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of Xionggui powder / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the preparation ofnanostructured lipid carriers loaded with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of Xionggui powder.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Prepared nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loaded with supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of Xionggui powder (XG-CO2-SFE) with a microemulsion ultrasonication method , established the best prescription of XG-CO2-SFE-NLC by orthogonal design methods with entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles as index, and investigated their physicochemical characterizations.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The best prescription was m(phospholipid) : m(S-40) : m(lipid carriers) = 5 : 2 : 1, the entrapment efficiency of nanopartices was 86.8%, results revealed that nanoparticles were sphere like with the mean size of 92.6 nm and the mean zeta potential was -20.68 mV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prep aration method of the XG-CO2-SFE-NLC is appropriate.</p>

Studies on extraction of Ligusticum chuanxiong in Hongye Xintong soft capsule by super critical fluid extraction / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the rationality of extraction prosess for the Ligusticum chuanxiong in Hongye Xintong Soft Capsule by super critical fluid extraction(SFE).</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Conditions for the extraction were optimized by orthogonal experimental design as guided by the extraction rate and content of ligustilid in the extract; Combined with the experiment of rats ligated the left coronary artery, the two compounds containing different extracts (steam distillation and SFE) were compared to determine the extraction prosess.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The best extraction conditions were established as following: pressure 30 MPa, temperature 50 degrees C, extracting time 4 h, separate pressure 10 MPa. separate temperature 40 degrees C. Compared with steam distillation, the compound containing SFE extract showed stronger protective effects on rats ligated the left coronary artery.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Super critical fluid can extract active ingredients in Ligusticum chuanxiong effectively.</p>

Preparation of nanopaticles of SCF-CO2 extraction of Magnolia officinalis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To prepare nano-particles of SCF-CO2 extraction of Magnolia officinalis with rapid expansion of supercritical solution (RESS) and optimize the preparation procedure with orthogonal experiment.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The preparation procedures were optimized by orthogonal test L9(3(4)) with the mean particle size and the amounts of total-phenol as indexes. Factors of the extraction pressure and temperature, diameter of nozzle, pre-expansion temperature were evaluated for their effects on preparation process.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimal preparation technology was as follows: the pressure was at 25 MPa and temperature was at 50 degrees C, the diameter of nozzle was 200 microm, the pre-expansion temperature was at 30 degrees C. The nano-particles solution was settled, of which the average particle size was 303.50 nm and the total-phenol contents was 0.091 g x L(-1), and the stability of the particle size kept well after 1 month of storage at low temperature and obturation the mean particle size.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The RESS method is applicable for preparing nanoparticles solution of SCF-CO2 extraction of M. officinalis at low operating temperature. It is simple processing, and no environmental pollution, and no residual solvent.</p>

Effect of entrainer on supercritical CO2 for extraction of tradition and herbal drugs / 中国中药杂志

Type, mode of affiliating, mechanism of action of entrainer in Supercritical CO2 on extraction of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs were briefly reviewed. Application of entrainer in Supercritical CO2 on extraction of flavones, terpenes, sterols, and saponins in Chinese traditional and herbal drugs were recommended in particular. Some problems and directions in research of entrainer in Supercritical CO2 on extraction of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs were shown in this paper.

Conditions for extraction of ergosterol from fruits of Ganoderma lucidum using supercritical fluid extration / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the feasibility of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for extraction of ergosterols from the fruits of Ganoderma lucidum.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Optimum extraction conditions were studied by orthogonal tests, the ergosterol were analyzed by RP-HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The optimal extraction conditions were pressure as 20 MPa, temperature at 45 degrees C, using ethanol as modifier carrier at the volume of 1 mL x g(-1), and 1.5 hour of extraction time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SFE has the superiority of adjustable polarity, and has the ability of extracting ergosterol from fruits of Ganoderma lucidum.</p>

Research of extracting and purifying taxol from the branches of Taxus media / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The study was to explore extracting and purifying technology of taxol from the branches of Taxus media.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>In extracting phase, the solvent extraction, ultrasonic extraction and the supercritical CO2 fluid extraction were studied respectively; In purifying phase, the extracts were disposed by silica gel column chromatography and preparation lamella chromatography, then crystaled by N-Hexane. The content of taxol was detected by HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The results showed that the recovery of extracting toxal with the method of ultrasonic was the highest and the selectivity of supercritical CO2 fluid extraction was the best; The sample after being extracted should be purified two stages by silica gel column chromatography with dichloromethane-chloroform-methane (53:44:3) as elution and the lamella chromatography was chloroform-ethyl acetate-methane (88:7:5) as elution, finally we reached the fawn crystal.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In that production, the content of taxol reached 87. 3% and the recovery 89.7%, which indicat that the taxol is well enrichment.</p>

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of Jatropha curcas leaf extracts prepared by supercritical fluid CO2 extraction / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the bioactive components in Jatropha curcas leaves using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The bioactive components were extracted from J. curcas leaves by supercritical fluid CO2 extraction and analyzed by using GC-MS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventy peaks were detected by GC-MS, and 43 compounds were identified (61.43%). Among the identified compounds, 16 had a content of more than 1%, and the total contents of these 16 compounds reached 81.36%. The four most abundant components were 22,23-dihydro-stigmasterol (16.14%), alpha-tocopherol (15.18%), beta-amylin (7.73%) and dotriacontanol (7.02%). The content of gamma-tocopherol reached 2.88% and vitamin E reached 18.06% in the extract.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>J. curcas leaves contain multiple compounds with anti-tumor, anti-virus and antimicrobial activities.</p>